file systems - Suay.Site

How to find out when Linux was installed

Posted by Alex On April 21, 2023

This article will look at several ways to find out the date of installation of the Linux operating system. But let's start by thinking about what is considered the date of installation of the OS? What is considered the date of installation of Linux It would seem that the question and the answer to it are quite simple – the...

How to increase the size of the partition and file system after increasing the physical size of the disk

Posted by Alex On March 23, 2023

Disk partition size and file system size In Linux, a disk can be used entirely by one partition or be divided into several partitions (similar to volumes in Windows). Usually, at the stage of installing the operating system, disk partitioning is done: disk partitions are created, and then these partitions are formatted into one or another file system. In this...

How to check if a computer is using BIOS or UEFI; GRUB or systemd-boot bootloader; MBR or GPT partition table

Posted by Alex On June 17, 2022

How to know if UEFI or GRUB is being used? The system booting process consists of the following 4 steps: System initialization: UEFI or BIOS (POST) Starting the bootloader (GRUB2 or systemd-boot) Kernel initialization Starting systemd, the parent of all processes Related: How to update the systemd-boot loader in /boot How to change the default operating system in Arch Linux...

Persistent names for block devices

Posted by Alex On November 10, 2021

Table of contents 1. How to make drives and USB sticks have the same name 2. Persistent block device naming 2.1 by-label 2.2 by-uuid 2.3 by-id 2.4 by-path 2.5 by-partlabel 2.6 by-partuuid 3. Using persistent naming 3.1 Permanent block device names can be used as aliases for /dev/sdX 3.2 Using persistent names in the /etc/fstab filesystem table Conclusion How to make drives and USB sticks have...

How to repair an LVM disk using fsck

Posted by Alex On November 1, 2021

How to repair an LVM disk If, due to errors on the disk, the system cannot boot, then usually in the emergency mode console you need to check the disk partitions, approximately as follows (you need to specify your disk name and partition number): umount /dev/sda2 fsck -y /dev/sda2 But if we are talking about LVM, or LVM with encryption,...

How to determine why Linux boots into Emergency mode

Posted by Alex On November 1, 2021

How to determine the exact reason why Systemd falls in emergency mode A Linux system can go into an emergency mode shell if it encounters problems during boot. The screen prompts you to execute the command journalctl -xb to find the causes of system problems. It is also proposed to execute systemctl default or exit so that the system tries...

Error “Cannot open access to console, the root account is locked” (SOLVED)

Posted by Alex On October 26, 2021

After a sudden power outage, unsuccessful update or adding a new disk to /etc/fstab, you may face the problem that your system does not boot, or rather, boots into the console or into a black screen. Sometimes the problem is compounded by the fact that the system administrator cannot even get into the emergency console. Let's see how to solve the...

How to use lsof to view open files (on Linux everything is files)

Posted by Alex On October 18, 2021

If everything in Linux is a file, then there must be more to this operating system than just files on your hard drive. In this tutorial, you will learn how to use lsof to view all other devices and processes that are being treated as files. Everything in Linux is files The oft-quoted phrase that everything in Linux is a...

File attributes on Linux

Posted by Alex On October 14, 2021

File attributes on Linux file systems Each file has a specific set of properties in the file system. For example, these are access permissions, owner, name, timestamps. In Linux, each file has quite a few properties, for example, access permissions are set three times (for the owner, group and all others), timestamps can also be of three different types (creation...

An unplugged disk causes a delay in system boot

Posted by Alex On July 15, 2021

The fstab file contains descriptive information about the file systems that the system can mount. In the /etc/fstab file, you can specify the parameters for mounting a disk, which can be either plugged to the system or unplugged from it. An example of such a disk is an external USB drive. In the latter case, you must additionally specify the...